Zhirov Nikolay A. Demographic processes in the Chernozem village of Voronezh and Orov provinces in the early хх century
DOI:10.22394/2225-8272-2024-13-4-67-76 EDN: LKIEZR
Keywords:
peasantry, demographic behavior, agrarian society, mortality structure, Chernozem regionAbstract
The study is devoted to the analysis of the demographic development of Orthodox parish-es of the Chernozem Center of the Russian Empire in the chronological period from 1900 to 1917. The object of the study is the rural society of the village of Dankovo in Voronezh province, the village of Navesnoye and Panikovets and a number of other parishes of the Orel provinces. The purpose of the research is to study the main demographic processes that took place in the studied regions comprehensively. The current work involves the historicism method, typological, historical-comparative and other traditional methods. To study the mass documentation of the imperial period, primarily statistical processing of information, there were applicated mathematical methods, computer technologies, etc. The focus is on the analysis of the birth rate, mortality, natural population growth, as well as the marriage rate. The study involves exploration of archival materials from regional archives in the Voronezh (SAVR), Lipetsk (SALR), and Oryol (SAOR) regions. The main findings of the study include the beginning of the demographic transition in rural areas of the Chernozem region in the early 20th century. It was reflected in decrease in the marriage rate, reduction in mortality, and continued high birth rates among peasants. Despite the obvious beginning of the demographic transition, the marriage rate was close to 100%, and no divorces among peasants were recorded in these parishes. The decrease in mortality was mainly due to decrease in the proportion of newborns, as infant mortality remained extremely high, although there was a downward trend. The author concludes that the rate of decline in the birth rate was lower than that of mortality, which created the effect of explosive natural population growth and, as a consequence, aggravated the negative trends of agricultural overpopulation in the Chernozem region.
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